Fatty product from fixed oils and fats and process of manufacturing same.



E. KLEIN.

FATTY PRODUCT FROM FIXED OILS AND FATS AND PROCESS 0F MANUFACTURINGSAME.

APPLICATION FILED IAN-12.19I6.

LEUQHS,

E. KLEIN.

`FATTY PRODUCT FROM FIXED OILS AND FATS AND PROCESS 0F MANUFACTURINGSAME.

APPLICATION FILED IAN. I2. I9Is.

LQ, Patented Dec. 26, 1916 2 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

PRESS SQP I.

manufactured or produced from all those erids of fatty acids. table andanimal oils and fats are found in.

- EMANUEL tannin, or NEW YORK, N. Y.

FATTY IPBODCT FROM FIXED OILS AND EATS1 AND PROCESS OF MANUFACTURINGLenawee. 'y

SAME.

Application led January 12, 1916. Serial No. 71,637.

and State of New' York, have invented a new and useful Fatty Productfrom Fixed Oils and Fats and Processes of Manufacturing'ame, of whichthe following is a specification.

My inventionv relates to new products naturally formed substances whichconsist mostly of glycyl or other esters of the higher members of theseveral series of fatty (alphatic) acids, with which saturated freefatty acidshydroxyl acids of the fatty acids series,-lactones andanhydrids -of fatty acids and the free alcohols themselves are admixed,and more particularly to new oil products produced from vegetableoil-bearing material, suitable foredible purposes.

My invention also relates to a new process of manufacturing the said newproduct.

Considered chemically, oils (fatty liquids) and fats (solid fats). arethe neutral glyc- The natural' vegealmost all ltissues and organs. Inplants, oils and fats are deposited in considerable quantities in theseeds, and are associated therein with starch nitrogenous substances,etc., to serve as nourishment to the embryo. When the seed, oil, nuts,etc., are moist, all conditions favorable to the action of enzyms aregiven 'and hydrolysis of the-oil or fat is produced, with the formationof mono and diglycerids, and of free .fatty acids. rlhe free acids soformed are acted upon by the oxygen of the air, so that on pressing suchseeds, oils are obtained which not only 1contain free fatty acids butalso leave the presses in arancid state. a

The primary cause of rancidity in the case of unrened oils and fats,namely, the formation of `free fatty'acids, is due to the action ofmoisture in the presence of soluble ferments, which act as catalysts oraccelerators. Therefore, those Oilsand fats are defined as rancid, thefree fatty acids of which have been acted upon by oxygen of the air, inthe presence of light. Free fatty acids, if present in the crude oilsand fats,

remain, of course', dissolved in the neutral glycerids. It is,therefore, evident that oils lobtained by such simple methods ofpurification can only be used in those industries where the presence offree fatty acids oers no serious-objection, such as in the candle andsoap making industries. In other industries exception must be taken tothe presence of free fatty acids. The tallow, olive and rape oilscontaining a high percentage of free fatty. acids, are unsuitable asburning oils, or for lubricating purposes. In such cases the free fattyacids must be removed by treatment with alkalis or alkaline earths.

Thehighest grade of purity is demanded of productsintended for ediblepurposes.

Specification of Letters Patent. Patemgdl Da.. 26, llillifii y In orderto attain this object, not only must the raw material (seed, fruit,animal tissues) be carefully selected and worked up in as fresh a stateas possible, but the process of rendering must be carried out withlspecial care. In practice it is, of course,

.impossible to rigidly exclude contact with air during handling, and itis'a matter of daily experience, most noticeable in the case of edibleoils and fats, that in course of time, sooner or later, according-to theconditions observed in keeping, they turn rancid.

lin the preparation of oils and fats the enzyms may be considered ashaving been destroyed, owing to the elevated temperature in the'reiiningoperation. Where, however, quantities are prepared merely by renderingat a low temperature, the temperature may not.` be suiiiciently highthroughout the whole mass to destroyv the enzymsV completely, so thatthere may remain intact a guantity, of enzyms suiiicient to causehvdrolysis and, subsequently, rancidity. Where the possibility ofaccelerated hydrolysis due to. the presence of enzyms is excluded, asmall amount of moisture is sufiicient, un-

, der favorable conditions (the most important of which is a somewhathigh temperature) 4to cause hydrolysis, and rancidity which follows inits wake. lit is, therefore, obvious thatl it is not .only necessary toemploy the greatest care in refining, but that it is essential, for thepreservation of the refined product, to excludehas far as possible, thepresence of moisture.v '1' .l

AThe natural Vvegetable oils'farid fats'rare further prepared bycomparatiyelyj crude methods. Hence they generatl-lyy contain impuritiesof one kind or another, such as resinous, chlorophyl, albumin, andmucilaginous matter, remnants of vegetable and anilmal tissues,substances originally contained Vthe like.

By my newlyndiscovered art of producing neutral products intended foredible purposes, the oil-bearing material to be treated 'may .be damagedor moldy.

The main object of the present invention is to eliminate any volatileacids developed in the damaged or moldy oil-bearing material, and todestroy and eliminate the en- Zyms of fermentation and producesubstantially the maximum volume of oil.

Another object of the invention is to produce theabove-described resultsby a process which does not require the use of expensive chemicals.

Another object of the invention is to raise the solidifying point of theedible oil produced.

A further object of the invention is to produce, an oil and fat productso constituted chemically as to be practically neutral and free from anytaste or odor characteristic of the fatty base, the new product being ofa regular and even quality, of a water-white appearance and of lighterspecific gravity, and which cannot become rancid.

To enable my invention to be fully understood I will describe the sameby reference to the accompanying drawings, in which- Figure 1 is adiagrammatic view of the apparatus complete; Fig.l 2 a longitudinalvertical sectional view of the means for preliminarily heating andvolatilizing the oilbearing material; and Fig. 3 a vertical sectionalview of the tank in which the oil is treated, and the air heating means.

According to my invention I make use of a hot air temperer A; of acompressed air heater B, and of a tank C preferably in the form'of acylinder. j,

-The temperer A consists of a horizontal cylindrical tank 1. Extendingthrough this tank is a perforated cylinder 2 of somewhat smallerdiameter so that an annular heating space 3 is formed around the same.The cylinder 2 projects beyond the ends of the tank 1, and at one endthereof it is yprovided with a charging hopper 4 into which empties achute 5. Within the perforated cylinder 1s Aarranged a conveyer 6 whichis provided with suitable stirring arms 7 At the discharge end of thecylinder a discharge chute 8 is connected, leading to a press 9.- Thelower portion ofthe cylinder 2, near its discharge end, is perforated asshown at 10.u

This' cylinder is also provided with an exhaust pipe 11 at its dischargeend, at a point above the discharge chute 8. Connected tO- inderand thecontents thereof. A part of this steam and air passes through theperforations 10, thoroughly moistening and heating the mass, the surplusair and steam being exhausted through the pipe 11. The hot andthoroughly mixed mass is passed to the press throughthe discharge chute8. r1`he tank 1 is provided with a supplemental tank 1a which is fittedwith a` pressure gage 1b and a relief valve 1c.

The air heater B consists of a tank 18 inclosing a coil 16 to whichsuperheated steam is supplied through pipe 17 The coil 16 is somewhatsmaller in diameter than the tank, as shown clearly in- Fig. 3. Air isforced, under a high pressure, into the tank 18, lby means of an aircompressor 19, said com'- pressor being connected to the tankby means ofa pipe 20. The tank is provided ,with a suitable pressure gage 21 and arelief valve 22. A suitable temperature indicator is connected to theside of the tank, as at 23. This air heater is connected to the tempererby means of the pipe 14.

1n the tank C is arranged a heating coil 24, said coil being suppliedwith superheated l -steam through pipe 25. 1n this tank is also arrangeda `cooling coil 26, said coil being arranged within the coil 24, andlike said coil, extending throughout substantially the height of saidtank. This cooling coil is supplied with cold water, brine or any othercooling medium. Within' the tank is also arranged a vertical shaft 27 onwhich stirrer blades 28 are secured, said stirrer being arrangedvertically within the cooling coil. At the bottom of the tank isarranged a perforated pipe 29, said pipe being connected to an injectoror suction T 30 arranged in the side of the tank. Connected to thissuction'll is a pipe 31 through which superheated steam may be supplied;and also connected to said suct-ion T is a pipe 32, through which hotairfmay be supplied from the air heater B'. Connected to the pipe 32 isa pipe 33 by means of which ammonia gas or other suitable cooling agentmay be supplied to the suction 'l' 30. These pipes are all provided withvalves so that the passage of the various fluids therethrough may beregulated, or shut off entirely when desired. rlhe tank C is providedwith a temperature indicator 34, and with a gage 35 by means of whichthe height of the contents therein may ist f be noted. The tank C isclosed at its top,

and connected thereto is an exhaust pipe 36. Through this pipe 36 thevapors arising from the material treated in the tank may be drawn ofi'.The tank C is provided with suitable Avalves 37 throughwhich thematerial may be discharged.

The heating medium may be any means for securing the desired temperaturein the tank, (preferably 4superheated steam for heating purposes at 1509Cent.)v ny suitable cooling means, such as a worm or other suitabledevice, may be used, nand through which may be pumped cold water, brineor calcium chlorid solution, or, if desired, ammonia gas from arefrigerating plant may be used. The purpose of the cooling coil is toprevent a too-high. temperature in the fatty mass.

The stirring apparatus may be of any suitable form, and is also for thepurpose of preventing a too-high temperature. .I-Iot air is injectedinto the mass at the bottoni thereof, through a perforated pipe, saidpipe being connected by the suctionT to the air heater. This air heater'is in the form of a cylinder containing'a' steam coil. Airis forced intothe heated chamber by an air compressor, and the pressure within said,

chamber is ymaintainedsufficiently high to force air out through theperforation in the discharge pipe against` the pressure of oil Incarrying my invention into 4 proceed. as follows: The seed, nuts, beans,and oil-bearing material are decorticated, where required.- The shellsare removed by mechanical means such as a sifter or blower, and thekernels meats are then converted into a pulpy mass 'or meal by passingthem between rollers, or by anyother suit- -able means, until they arereduced to .a

This meal is then4 coarse powder or meal. placed in the temperer A.Whilethe meal is passing through the temperer itis subjected to hotcompressed air and steam at 150 Cent., whereby the moistureA in thetissures is removed and volatilized, and all the 'volatile matter passesoii' through the exhaust pipef lThe material shouldbe heated above 58 or60 Cent. The mass of material will be moved suiiciently rapidly toCaCl2, CaSOMgSO4, MgCl2. T he quantity of chemicalswill vary with theage or with i effect I the quality of the oil-bearing material or crudeoil, or by the content of free fatty acid. For example, in a mass ofoil-bearing material containing approximately 50% of free fatty acids Iwould use approximately 23%, measured by weight of the mass, of'KOH,NaOH, Na2CO3, using approximately 8% of each of the said three chemicalsto make up the'approximate 23% of the weight of the mass with abouttwenty-three gallons of sea water and about one pound of Seignette. Inoil-bearing material containing a less percentage of free fatty acids Iwould use a less percentage of chemicals, and, of course, Where thepercentage of free fatty acids was greater than 50% I` would use a largepercentage of the chemicals.

compressed air which is injected through the perforated pipe from vtheair heater B through pipe 32, and to the action of the brine which ispumped and permitted to Cir. Culate through the coil 26 whereby ythesteam is partly transformed into H2O. This operation is maintained abouttwo hours. By cir-` culating the cold brine or other cooling meansthrough the cooling coil 26 and ammonia gas from pipe 33 through thesuction T 30 and the perforated pipe 29 at 4the bottom of thetank,vsaid`gas passingthrough the liquid -mass, a too-high temperatureis prevented,

the desired temperature, about 58 Cent. is maintained. The hotcompressed air is 1njected from heater B through the pipe 32 and suction'l' 30, the pressure being suiliciently high to force the air outthrough the perforations 29 against the .pressure of the oil in thetank, and said air rises in bubbles through the liquid and is dischargedas vapor or steam at the surfaceJ thereo-f. By

using the direct superheated steam fr om pipe-25 at 150 Cent. throughthe suction T, in connection with the hot compressed air from pipe 32and cold means in coil 26,

at onetime; the steam Willbe transformed into H20, thereby furnishingthe solvent for the chemicals, and by this action will decompose thesubstances containing the disagreeable odor, moldy taste and set freethe 011- bearing Vmaterials of free fatty' acids and other impurities,as stated above. After this operation has continued for about two hoursthe circulation of the cooling means in coil 26 is discontinued, theagitation by means of the stirrer28 is stopped, and the pipes 32 and 3lleading to the suction T 30 are closed and the heating suspended. Themixture will then v'readily separate on standing, as this treatl mentserves to neutralize and precipitate the free fatty acids-and otherproducts of fermentation not previously removed from the oil-bearingmaterial or crude oil, into the two layers.l The upper layer consists ofthe decolorized oil partly freed from impurities; the lower one formsdark to light yellow heavy liquid (mucilage), this being al solution ofcoloring matter, in the soap resulting from the union of free fattyacids and chemicals. The upper layer is to be further treated, and isdecanted (filtered if required), and placed again yin the tank C, inorder to subject the fatty mass to the chemical action of ammonia gasfrom pipe 83 for the purpose of hydrolyzing the glycerids of the higherfatty acids thereby setting free the higher fatty acids; and alsosubjecting the fatty mass at the same time to a rapid cooling action bymeans of the cooling mej dium circulated through the cooling coil 26 forthe purpose of separating the higher fatty acids. l

The arranged cooling device 26 in which the cold brine or calciumchlorid solution is pumped and permitted to circulate through the fattyliquid mass, in connection with the stirring apparatus 28, willequalize. and reduce the temperature at about 3 below to 5 Centvabovezero. During this operation the higher fatty acid is formed and readilyseparated out as a. crystalline mass, or converted into a gelatinousform which withstands all attempts at filtering. By adding mineral orcellulose fiber exemplified by mica, asbestos, cotton woolly hair,cocoanut coir, the inner or red skin which surrounds the peanut, hempfibers, etc., which may or maynot havereceived a previous treatment withalkali, to the formed higher fatty acid mass when converted into agelatinous form, the iiber will combine mechanically with the higherfatty acid, and precipitate,

thereby raising the solidifying point of the oil. The liquid is thenpassed through a filter in order to separate it from the solids. Afterfiltration the liquid mass is again placed in the provided tank C, andsubjected to the action of indirect steam in coil 24 and agitated byinjection of hot compressed air from pipe 32 through suction "l' 30 anddirect superheated steam delivered through the pipe 31 and suction T 30at about 110 Cent., in connection with the stirring device 28, for abouttwo hours. During this operation the hot compressed air at 110 C.

combines with the direct superheated steam,

and forms a Vapor which passes upwardly through the mass of material inthe tank.

In its passage through the material thisk the oil is mixed andthoroughly agitated in the tank C with the constituents of concha ortesta preparata (theboiled, cleaned and -v powdered shell of theoyster), and with the earthy mineral parts of combustible substancesremaining after combustion as the constituents of coal, and with theconstituents of orthoclase feldspar and other decolor izing agent forbleaching (excluded mineral acids for edible purposes) in ordertosubject the mass to the action of the constituents of these materialswhen hot compressed air through pipe 32 and indirect superheated steamthrough pipe 24 at 110 C. is applied, during an hour during which timethe mass is agitated by the stirrer 28. The

entire mass is then permitted to settle and the liquid decanted andfiltered. This treatment renders the product an almost odorless,tasteless and always colorless liquid of a fixed nature, and of tableoil consistency, so that it will not turn rancid on exposure to oxygenand light in the presence of moisture, andfwill not, on standing forseveral weeks, solidify at ordinary temperature to an opaque mass. Itsolidifies at 2 to 3 Cent. 'It does` notdistil n 'vacuo withoutdecomposition; its specific gravity at 15 Cent., is 0.901-0.9l4l. illt'is nearly insoluble in alcohol at ordinary temperature; anddissolves easily in ether; and is insoluble in dilute alcohol. Y

From the foregoing it is manifest that l produce anew product bydestroying and eliminating from the oil-bearing material, the enzyme offermentation, and eliminating any volatile acids, fatty alcohols,aldehydes and terpenes developed in the moldy or damaged materialbysubjecting the crude oil base to mechanical and chemical action in thepresence ofl organic and inorganicl substances asset forth herein,whereby the solidifying point is raised and an oil or fat produced, soconstituted chemically as to be practically neutral and free from anytaste or odor characteristic of the fatty base. The new product is.permanently waterwhite and of a regular and even quality, of a lighterspecific gravity, which cannot become rancid and does not a'ect bluelitmus paper.

Peanuts (Amclw's hypoga L.) containing about t5-50% non-drying, lightgreen to yellow oil ofa taste recalling the flavor of kidney beans,specific gravity at 15 Cent.

(19165-0920, soiidifying point 0 to 3 C.

above zero.

Peanut oil produced by my process is odorless, tasteless and permanentlyWater White, does not, on standing for several Weeks, solidify atordinary temperature, to an opaque mass, solidifies at -1 to 0 Cent. Itdoes not distil a 'vacuo Without decomposition; its specific gravity at15 Cent. is 0.909-0914. It is sparingly soluble in absolute alcohol,dissolves easily in ether, and is insoluble in dilute alcohol..

My invention is not limited to the precise steps herein set forth' formanufacturing products from fat-bearing matter, and the process oftreating the oil-bearing base may be modified Without departing from thescope of my4 invention While I have described the use of concha or testapreparata and the earthy and mineral parts remaining afterA combustion(as coal ashes), and orthoclase feldspar, for use as bleaching anddecolorizing agents, I have found that these materials may be used inthe first treatment of the crude oil in tank C, substituting them forthe NaCO3. V l de sire ,it also understood that these materials may alsobe used in all the steps in the process.

What l claim is: 1. A fatty product constituting an odorless,permanently Water-White, tasteless, constant liquid, non-absorbent as tooxygen and moisture, whereby it is non-ranciable and vacuo, andsparingly soluble in absolute alcoholand readily soluble in ether.

2. A fatty product constituting an odori less, permanently Water-White,tasteless, constant liquid solidifying point at 2 to 3 above C.,non-absorbent as to oxygen and moisture, -Whereby it is non-ranciiableand will not turn opaque upon standing at ordinary temperatures,decomposing When distilled n vacuo, and sparingly soluble in absolutealcohol and readily soluble in ether and ineective onblue litmus paper.

3. A fatty product constituting an odorless, permanently Water-white,tasteless, constant liquid, non-ranciable, insoluble in di` lutealcohol, having a specific gravity at 15 Cent. of 0.901-0.914, asolidifying point at 2 to'3 above Cent., decomposing when distilled n?vacuo, and sparingly soluble in absolute alcohol and readily soluble inether.

4. The process of treating fatty matter (consisting in placing theoil-bearing material in a vessel in which is placed KOH, NaOH, Na2CO.'and salt, agitating the mass to hot compressed air and steam delivereddirectly into the mass at the bottom of the tank, and to the action of alcooling medium to maintain the temperaturel of the mass at about 58Cent., continuing this operation for a suitable time and then permittingthe mixture to stan`d and separate into layers, then decanting the upperlayer and again placing it in a tank and forming and separating outhigher fatty acids in the mass, then adding fiber, then decanting theunsolidified mass,'then placing the decanted mass again in a receptacleand subjecting it to indirect steam, and steam injected therein togetherwith hot air at a temperature of about 93 to 110 Cent., and agitatingthe mass, then subjecting'the mass to a decolorizing and bleaching agenttogether With hot consisting in placing the oil-bearing material in avessel containing KOH, NaOH, Na`2C03 and natural or articial Seignette,sea or rock salt Water, agitating the mass and subjecting it to aheating medium and to hot compressed air and steam delivered directlyinto the mass at the bottom of-the tank, and to the action of a coolingmedium to maintain the temperature at about 58 Cent., continuing thisoperation for about two hours and then permitting the mixture .to standand'separate into layers, then decanting the upper layer and againplacing it in a tank to form and separate out higher fatty acids in themass, then addingber, then decanting the unsolidilied mass, then placingthe decanted mass again in a receptacle and subjecting it to indirectsteam in acoil, and steam injected therein together .with hot air at atemperature of about 93 to 110 Cent., and agitating the mass, then'subjecting the mass tothe action of the constituents of powdered oystershells and coal los ashes, together With hot compressed air and indirectsuperheated steam and agitation at a temperature of about 110 Cent.,then permitting the mass to settle, and then decanting the liquid aftersettlement.

6. The process of treating fatty matter i consisting in placing theoil-bearing matev rial in a vessel in Which is placed KOI-l,v

NaOH, Na2CO3, and dissolved salt, agitating the mass and subjecting itto ya heating xmedium and to hotcompressed air and steam delivereddirectly into the mass at the bottom of the tank, and to the action of acooling medium to maintain the temperature of the .mass at about 58Cent., continuing this operation for a suitable time and then permittingthe mixture to standand separate into layers, then decanting the upperlayer and subjecting it to a heating mediumI and and again placing it ina tank and subjecting it to a cooling medium to form and separate outhigher fatty acids in the mass, j

then precipitating the solidified material,

then decanting the mass, then placing the decanted mass in a receptacleand subjecting it to steam injected therein together With hot air, andagitating the mass, then subjecting the mass to the action of theconstituents of coal ashes together' with hot compressed air and aheating medium and agitation, then permitting the mass to settle, andthen decanting the liquid after settlement.

7. The process of treating "fatty matterconsisting in placing theoil-bearing material in a vessel in Which is placed KOH, NaOH,

NaZ'COm and salt solution, agitating themass and subjecting it to aheating medium and to hot compressed air and steam delivered directlyinto the mass at the bottom of the tank, and to the action of a coolingmedium to maintain the temperature of the mass at about 58 Cent.,continuingA this` operation for a suitable time and then permitting themixturei to stand and separate into layers, then decanting the upperlayer and again placing it in a tank and subjecting it to a coolingmedium to form and separate out higher fatty acids in the mass, thenprecipitating the solidified material,

then decanting the mass, then placing theI decanted mass in a receptacleand subjecting it to steam injected therein together with hot air, andagitating the mass to remove f te volatile matter, then subjecting theoil `to the action of the constituents of powdered oyster shells andcoal ashes together With hot compressed air and a heating medium andagitation, then permitting the mass to settle, and then decanting theliquid after settlement.

8. rllhe process of treating fatty matter lconsisting in placing theoil-bearing material in a vessel containing materials toproducehydrolysis,'agitating the mass and subj ecting it to an indirect heatingmedium at a high temperature and to hot compressed air and steamdelivered directlyy into the mass at the bottom thereof, andsimultaneouslyL to the action of a cooling medium indirectly applied tomaintain the temperature of the mass at about 58 Cent., then permittingthe .mixture to stand and separate into layers, then decanting the upperlayer and again placing it in a tank and subjecting it to ammonia gasand to a cooling medium to form and -separate out higher fatty acids inthe mass, then adding material to mechanically precipitate thesolidified or converted gelatinous mass, then decantin the unsolidiedmaterial, then placing the ecanted material againin a receptacle andsubjecting it to '1ndirect steam, and steam` injected therein togetherwith hotcompressed air at a tem er-` vature of about to 110 Cent., andagitating the mass, then subjecting the mass to a decolorizing andbleaching agent together with hot compressed air and a heating mediumand agitation at a temperaturey of about Cent., then permitting the massto settle, and then decanting the liquid'after.

settlement.

9. The process of treating fatty matter consisting in placing theoil-bearing material in a vessel containing elements and salt solutionto produce hydrolysisagitating the mass and subjecting it to a heatingmedium at a high temperature and to hot compressed.

air and steam delivered directly into the mass at the bottom of thetank, and to the action of a cooling medium to maintain the temperatureof the mass at about 58 Gent., completing the hydrolysis by means ofammonia gas and hot air deliveredA directly into the mass at the bottomthereof to neutralize and precipitate the free fatty acid and otherproducts of fermentation, then permitting the mixture to stand andseparate into layers, then decanting the upper layer, forming andseparating out higher fatty ditl acids in the decanted liquid,mechanically tating the mass and subjecting it to a heatv ing4 mediumand to hot compressed air and steam delivered directly into the mass atthe bottom thereof, and simultaneously to the action of a coolingmedium, then permitting the mixture to stand` and separate into layers,then decanting the upper1 layer, forming vand separating out the higherfatty acids in the decanted liquid, mechanically precipitatmg thesolidied portions of the higher fatty acids and then decanting theunsolidied mass, subjecting said decanted mass to a temperature to4destroy the enzyms and remove volatile and other detrimental matter,and then subjecting the massto the bleaching and decolorizing action ofpowdered oyster shells and the earthy or mineral parts remaining aftercombustion of coals.

11. The process of treating fatty matter consisting in placing-theoil-bearing material in a vessel containing elements and salt Water toproduce hydrolysis,agitating the mass and subjecting it to a heatingmedium, and to hot compressed air and-direct superheated steam delivereddirectly into the mass at the bottom thereof, and simultaneously to vthe action of a cooling medium, then permit ting the mixture to standand separate into layers, then decanting the` upper layer, forming andseparating out higher fatty acids in the decanted liquid, mechanicallyprecipitating the solidified portions of the formed and separated higherfatty acids and then de canting the unsolidied mass, subjecting saiddecanted mass to a temperature to destroy the enzyms and removealdehydes and terpenes and other detrimental matter, and then subjectingthe mass to the bleaching and decolorizing action of coal ashes.

12. The process of treating fatty'matter consisting in first renderingthe mass non` absorbent as to oxygen and moisture, and then mixing themass With coal ashes, thoroughly agitating the mass and then permittingthe mass to settle.

13. The process of treating fatty material consisting in first renderingthe fatty material neutral and non-absorbent as to oxygen and moisture,and then mixing the heated fatty matter with concha or testapreparataand with elements remaining after combustion of coal, thoroughlyagitating the mass and then permitting the mass to settle.

14. The process of treating fatty matter combustion of coal, agitatingthe mass, and

then permitting it to settle.

17. The process of treating fatty matter consisting in rendering thefatty material neutral and non-absorbent and removing volatile matterand subjecting it to the action of elements remaining after combustionof coal and with concha or testa preparata, and then permitting it tosettle. l

fn testimony whereof i hereunto affix my signature.

EMANUEL KLEIN.

